IMUNOLOGIA CLÍNICA
Sinopse
“A Imunologia Clínica é um campo da ciência
médica que desvenda os mistérios do sistema
imunológico humano, esse intricado
mecanismo de defesa que possibilita nossa
sobrevivência diante de uma miríade de
ameaças. Ao explorar os intrincados meandros
da nossa resposta imune, este livro traz à luz a
importância desse conhecimento para a
humanidade. Compreender como esse sistema
opera é essencial para diagnóstico, tratamento
e prevenção de doenças, assim como para o
desenvolvimento de novas terapias e vacinas.
A cada avanço científico na área de Imunologia
Clínica, desvendamos novas perspectivas e
promessas para um futuro mais saudável e
livre de enfermidades. Ao adentrar nas páginas
deste livro, você será conduzido por uma
7
jornada fascinante pelos fundamentos e
aplicações da Imunologia Clínica. Desde os
princípios básicos da resposta imune até as
mais recentes descobertas e tratamentos, será
possível explorar o papel crucial dessa
disciplina na saúde humana. Convidamos tanto
estudantes e profissionais da área da saúde
quanto leitores curiosos a se aprofundarem
neste campo interdisciplinar. A imunologia é
uma ciência dinâmica, que se expande
constantemente com novas pesquisas e
inovações tecnológicas. Esperamos que estas
páginas inspirem e motive a comunidade
científica, os estudantes e o público em geral a
se envolverem ainda mais com a pesquisa e a
promoção de uma saúde global”.
Daniel de Azevedo Teixeira
Capítulos
-
INTRODUÇÃO A IMUNOLOGIA
-
ENSAIOS SOROLÓGICOS
-
IMUNOPATOLOGIA
-
IMUNOPARASITOLOGIA
-
REFERENCIAS
Referências
ABBRANCHIO, M.P., Boeynaems, J.M. Barnard, E.A. Boyer, J.L., Kennedy,
C., Miras-Portugal, M.T., King, B.F., Gachet, C., Jacobson, K.A., Weisman,
G.A.and Burnstock, G. 2003.Characterization of the UDP-glucose receptor (renamed here the P2Y14 receptor) adds diversity to the P2Y receptor
family.Trends.Pharmacol.Sci. 24, 52-55.
ABBRANCHIO, M.P., Burnstock, G., Boeynaems, J.M., Barnard, E.A Boyer,
J.L., Kennedy, C., Knight, G.E., Fumagalli, M.., Gachet, C., Jacobson, K.A. and
Weisman, G.A. 2006. International Union of Pharmacology LVII: update on P2Y
G protein coupled nucleotide receptors : from molecular mechanisms
pathophysiology to therapy.Pharmacol. Rev. 58, 281-341.
AFONSO, L.C.C. and Scott, P. 1993. Imunne responses associated with
susceptibility of C57BL/10 mice to Leishmania amazonensis. Infect. Imunn.
:2952-2959.
ALEXANDER, J. and K. Vickerman. 1975. Fusion of host cell secondary
lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuole of Leishmania mexicana
macrophages. J. Protozool. 22-502.
ALMEIDA-AMARAL, E.E., R.Belmont-Firpo, M.A.Vannier-Santos, and
Meyer-Fernandes, J.R. 2006. Leishmania amazonensis: characterization of an
ecto-phosphatase activity. Exp. Parasitol. 114(4):334-40. ASAI, T. Miura, S.
Sibley, L.D.1995. Okabayashi, H. Takeuchi, T. Biochemical and molecular
characterization of nucleoside triphosphate hidrolase isozymes from the prasite
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. J. Biol.Chem. 270: 1191-7.
BACELLAR O, Brodskyn C, Guerreiro J, Barral-Netto M, Costa CH, Coffman
RL, Johnson WD, Carvalho EM.1996.Interleukin-12 restores interferon-gamma
production and cytotoxic responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Journal of
Infectious Diseases 173: 1515- 1518. BACELLAR O, D’Oliveira A, Jr.,
Jeronimo S, Carvalho EM. 2000. IL-10 and IL-12 are the main regulatory
cytokines in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine. 12: 1228-1231.
BAKALARA, N., Seyfang, A., Davis, C., and Baltz, T.1995. Characterization of
a Life-Cycle-Stage Regulted Membrane Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase in
Trypanosoma brucei. Eur.J.Biochem.234, 871–877. BARGANHOL, E.,
S.K.A.Tamajasuku, A. Bernardi, M.R. Wink, and Battastini A.M.O, 2007.Ecto5’-nucleotidase/CD73 inibhition by quercetin in the human U138MG glioma cell
line. Bioch. Biophys. Acta.1770: 1352-1359.
BARRAL, A., M.Barral-Netto, E.C.Young, C.E.Brownell, D.R.Twardzik, and
S.G.Reed. 1993. Tranforming growth factor β as a virulence mechanism for
Leishmania brasiliensis. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. 90(8):3442-3446.
BERREDO-PINHO, M., C.E.Peres-Sampaio, P.P.Chrispim, R.Belmont-Firpo,
A.P.Lemos, A.Martiny, M.A.Vannier-Santos, and J.R.Meyer-Fernandes. 2001. A
Mg-dependent ecto-atpases in Leishmania amazonensis and its possible role in
adenosine acquisition and virulence. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 391:16-24
BERTHOLET, S., A.Debrabant, F.Afrin, E.Caler, S.Mendez, K.S.Tabbara,
Y.Belkaide, and D.L.Sacks. 2005. Antigen requeriments for Efficient Priming of
CD8+ T cells by Leishmania major- Dendritic Cells. Infect.Immun. 73(8):4714-
BETTINI, S., Gradoni, L., 1986. Canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean area
and its implications for human leishmaniasis. Insect. Sci. Appl. 7, 241–245.
BISSAGIO, D.F., Peres-Sampaio, Meyer-Fernades, J.R., and Souto-Padron, T.
Ecto-ATPase activity on the surface of the Trypanosoma cruzi and its
possible role in the parasite-host cell interaction. Parasitol.Res. 91, 273-282.
BOGDAN C, Rollinghoff M, and Diefenbach A: The role of nitric oxide in
innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2000, 173:17-26. BORGES, F.P., B.Gottardi,
C.Stuepp, A.B. Larré, T. Tasca, G.A.De Carli, and Bonan C.D. 2007.
Caracterization of an ecto-5’- nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5.) activity in intact
trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae.Veter. Pasitol. 143:106-111.
BRINTTINGHAM, A, and Mosser, D.M. 2006. Exploitation of the complement
system by Leishmania promastigotes. Parasitol Today. 12. 444-447 BRYANT. S.
M., L. A. Guthrie, M. J. Pabst. and R. B. Johnston, Jr.1986. Macrophage
membrane proteins: possible role in the regulation of priming for enhanced
respiratory burst activity. Cell. Immunol. 45-53.
BURNSTOCK G. 2007. Purine and Pyrimidine receptors. Cell.Mol.Life.Sci.64,
-1483. CABRAL, M., O’grady, J.E., Gomes, S., Sousa, J.C., Thompson, H.,
Alexander, J., 1998. The immunology of canine leishmaniasis: strong evidence
for a developing disease spectrum from asymptomatic dogs. Vet. Immunol.
Immunopathol. 76, 173–180.
CARVALHO E.M, Bacellar O.A, Reed S, Barral A, Rocha H. 1988.Visceral
leishmaniasis: a disease associated with inability of lymphocytes to activate
macrophages to kill leishmania. Brazilian Journal of Medical Biological
Research. 21: 85-92.
CHANG, K. P. 1981. Leishmania donouanl-macrophage binding mediated by
surface glycoproteins/antigens. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.4-67.
CHANG, K.-P., D. Fong, and R. S. Bray. 1985. Biology of Leishmania and
leishmaniasis, Chang and R. S. Bray (ed.), Leishmaniasis. Elsevier, London. p. 1-
In K.-P.
CHANG. K. P., and D. M. Dwyer. 1976. Multiplication of a human parasite
(Leishmania donovani) in the phagolysosomes of hamster macrophages in vitro.
Science 193:678.
CHILDS, G.E., L.K.Lightner, L.Mackinney, M.G.Groves, E.E.Prices, and
L.D.Hendricks. 1984. Inbred mice as model hosts for cutaneous leishmaniasis. I.
Resistance and susceptibility to infection with Leishmania amazonensis, L.
mexicana, and L. aethiopica. Ann.Trop.Med.Parasitol. 78:25-34.
COHN, C.S, Gottlieb M. 1997.The acquisition of purines by Trypanosomatids.
Parasitol Today;13:231 –5. COIMBRA, E.S., S.C.Gonçalves-da-Costa., S.CorteReal, F.G.De Freitas, A.C.Durão, C.S Souza, M.I.Silva-Santos, e E.G
Vasconcelos. 2002. Characterization and cytochemical localization of an
diphosphohydrolase from Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Parasitol.
:137-143.
COOL, D.E., Blum, J.J., 1993. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in
Leishmania donovani. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (127/128),143–149.
DI VIRGILIO, F.2007. Purinergic singnalling in the immune system . A brief
update. Purinergic singnalling. 3,1-3
DING, A. H., C. F. Nathan, and D. J. Stuehr. 1988. Release of reactive nitrogen
intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal
macrophages: comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent
production. J.Immunol. 141:2407–2412.
DING A, Nathan CF, Graycar J, Derynck R, Stuehr DJ, Srimal S.
Macrophage deactivating factor and transforming growth factors-beta 1-
beta 2 and-beta 3 inhibit induction of macrophage nitrogen oxide synthesis by
IFN-gamma. Journal of Immunology 145: 940-944. DE ALMEIDA M.C,
Cardoso S.A, Barral-Netto M. 2003.Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection
alters the expression of cell adhesion and costimulatory molecules on human
monocyte and macrophage. International Journal of Parasitology 33: 153-162.
DUARTE, M.I.S. & Cobertt, C.E.P. 1994. Patologia das principais doenças
tropicais no Brasil; leishmaniose visceral. In: Brasileiro Filho G, Pitella Jeh,
Pereira Fel, Bambirra Ea & Barbosa Aja. Bogliolo Patologia 5 ed. Rio de
Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan,. Cap. 33, 1151- 1152.
DUTRA, P.M.L., Rodrigues, C.O., Jesus, J.B., Lopes, A.H.C.S., Souto-Padrón,
T., Meyer-Fernandes, J.R., 1998. A novel Ecto-phosphatase activity of
Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum inhibited by plateletactivation factor.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 253, 164–169.
EVANS, T.G., L. Thai, D.L. Granger, and J.B. Hibbs, Jr. 1993.Effect of in vivo
inhibition of nitric oxide production in murine leishmaniasis. J. Immunol.
:907-912. FERRARI, D., Pizzirani, C., Adinolfi, E., Lemoli, R.M., Idzko, M.,
Panther, E. and Di Virgilio. 2006. The P2X7 receptor: a key palyer in IL-1
processing and release. J. Immmunol. 35, 527-537.
FERRARO, R.B., Souza, J.L., Cunha, R.D.C., and Meyer-Fernandes,
J.R.,2004.Characterization of an ecto-phosphatase activity in malpighian
tubulesof hematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus. Archives of Insect
Biochemistry and Physiology.57, 40–49.
FRETES, R.E., Paglini, P., Fernadez A.R., Enders, J. and De Fabro, S.P. 1999.
Trypanosoma cruzi: increased 5’-nucleotidase activity associated with
disfunction of adrenergic receptors in acutely infection albino Swiss mice.
J.Parasitol. 85, 970-972.
FURUYA, T., Zhong, L., Meyer-Fernandes, J.R., Hong-Gang, L., Moreno,
S.N.J., and Docampo, R., 1998. Ecto-protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in
Trypanosoma cruzi infective stages. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.
, 339–348.
FUNDAÇÃO NACIONAL DE SAÚDE.2000. Guia de Doenças da Funadação
Nacional de Saúde. URL: http://www. funasa. gov.
br/guia_epi/htm/doenças/leishmaniose visceral.
GHALIB H.W, Piuvezam M.R, Skeiky Y.A, Siddig M, HashimF.A, el-Hassan
A.M, Russo DM, Reed SG. 1993.Interleukin 10 production correlates with
pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections. Journal of Clinical
Investigation. 92: 324-329.
GREEN, L. C., D. A. Wagner, J. Glogowski, P. L. Skipper, J. S. Whishnok, and
S. R. Tannenbaum. 1984. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and (15N) nitrate in
biological fluids. Analytical Biochemistry.126: 131–136.
GREEN, S.J., M.S. Meltzer, J.B. Hibbs, Jr., and C.A. Nacy. 1990.Activated
macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an Larginine-dependent killing mechanism. J. ImmunoL 144:278.
GRIMALDI, G.Jr., and Tesh, B.R. 1993. Leishmaniases of the New World:
Current Concepts and Implications for Future Research. Am.Society for
Microbiology. 6:230-250
GHOSH, M., and Mukherjee, T. 2000. Stage-specific development of a novel
adenosine transporter in Leishmania donovani amastigotes.
Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. 108:93-99
GLEW, R.H., A.K. Saha, S. Das, and A.T. Remaley.1988. Biochemistry of the
Leishmania species.Microbiol Rev.52(4): 412–432.
GODING,J.W. and M.C.Howard. 1998. Ecto-enzymes of lymphoid cells.
Immunol.Rev. 161:5-10.
GOTTLIEB, M. and D.M. Dwyer.1982. Identification and partial
characterization of an extracellular acid phosphatase activity of Leishmania
donovani promastigotes. Mol Cell Biol.2(1): 76–81
GOTTLIEB, M. and Dwyer. D.M. 1983. Evidence for distinct 5’-and-3’-
nucleotidase activities in the surface membrane fraction of Leishmania donovani
promastigotes. Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. 7, 303-317. 71
HASKO, G., Kuhel, D.G., Chen, J.F., Schwarzchild, M.A., Deitch, E.A.,
Mabley, J.G., Marton, A. and Szabo, C.2000. Adenosine inhibitis IL-12 and
TNF-alpha production via adenosine A2A receptor-dependent and independent
mechanisms. FASEB.J.14, 2065- 2074.
HANDMAN, E. and Bullen, 2002. Interaction of Leishmania with the host
macrophages. Trends Parasitol. 18, 332-334.
HEINZEL, F. P.; Sadick, M. D.; Mutha, S. S.; and Locksley, R. M. 1991.
Production of interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10
by CD4+ lymphocytes in vivo during healing and progressive murine
leishmaniasis. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science of the United
States of American, v.88, p.7011-7015.
HEINZEL, E P., Sadick ,M. D. Holaday, B. J. Coffman, R. L. and Locksley, R.
M. 1989. Reciprocal expression of interferon-gamma or interleukin 4 during the
resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. J. Exp. Med.169.59.
HOWARD, J.G., Hale, C. and Chan Liew, W.L. 1980. Immunological regulation
of experimental cutaneos leishmaniasis. V. Characterization of effector and
specific suppressor T cells. J. Immunol. 128: 1917.
HUMPHREYS, B. D., & Dubyak, G. R.1998. Modulation of P2X7 nucleotide
receptor expression by pro-and anti-inflammatory stimuli in THP-1 monocytes.
J.Leukoc. Biol. 64(2), 265–273.
JACOBSON, K.A. and Gao, Z.G.2006.Adenosine receptors as therapeutic
targets. Nat.Dev.Drug.Discov.5, 247-264.
JANUSZ. M. J. K. F. Austen, and J. K. Czop. 1987. Lysosomal enzyme release
from human monocytesb y particulate activators is mediated by p-glucan
inhibitable receptors. J. Immunol. 138:3897.
JESUS, J.B., Podlyska, T.M., Lopes, A.H.C.S., Vannier-Santos, M.A., and
Meyer-Fernandes, J.R., 2002. Characterization of an ecto-phosphatase activity in
the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology Research 88, 991–997.
JIAXIANG, J. J. Masterson, J. Sun, and L. Soong.2005. CD4+ CD25+
Regulatory T Cells Restrain Pathogenic Responses during Leishmania
amazonensis Infection.The J. of Immunology.174: 7147-7153.
JONES,D.E., L.U.Buxbaum, and P.Scott. 2000. IL-4-independent inhibition of
IL-12 responsiveness during Leishmania amazonensis infection. J.Immunol.
:364-372.
JONES,D.E., M.R.Ackermann, U.Wille, C.A.Hunter, and P.Scott. 2002. Early
enhanced Th1 response after Leishmania amazonensis infection of C57BL/6
Interleukin-10- deficient mice does not lead to resolution of infection.
Infect.Immun. 70:2151-2158.
KARUPIAH, G., Fredricson T.N., Holmes K.L., Khairallah, L.H., and Buller,
R.M. 1993. Importance of interferons in recovery from mousepox. J.Virol. 67(7):
-4226. 72
KRECKLER, L.M., Wan, T.C., Ge, Z.D. and Auchampach, J.A. 2005.
Adenosine inhibits tumor necrosis factor –alpha release from mouse peritoneal
macrophages via A2A and A2B but not the A3 adenosine
receptor.J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 317; 172-180.
KIMA, P.E., S.L.Constant, L.Hannum, M.Colmenares, K.S.Lee, A.M.Haberman,
M.J.Shlomchick, and D.Macmahon-Pratt. 2000. Internalization of Leishmania
mexicana complex amastogotes via the Fc receptor is required to sustain
infection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. J.Exp.Med. 191:1063-1068.
KLEMPNER, M. S., M. Cedron, and D. J. Wyler. 1983. Attachment of plasma
vesicles of human macrophages to Leishmania tropica promastigotes.J. Infect.
Dis. 148~337.
KOPF, M., F.Brombacher, G.Köhler, G.Keinzle, K.-H.Widman, K.Lefrang,
C.Humborg, B.Lederman, and W.Solbach. 1996. IL-4-deficient BALB/c mice
resist infection with Leishmania major . J.Exp.Med. 184:1127-1136.
LA SALA,A., D.Ferrari, F.Di Virgilio, M.Idzko, J.Norgauer, and G.Girolomoni.
Alerting and tuning the immune response by extracellular nucleotides.
J.Leukoc.Biol. 73:339-343.
LAISON R. and Shaw JJ. 1987. Evolution, classification and geographical
distribution. In: Peters W, Killick-Kendrick R eds. The leishmaniasis in biology
and medicine. London: Academic Press, 1987:1– 1111.
LANGSTON, H.P., K. Yong, A.T. Gewirtz, K.E. Dombrowski, and J. A.
Kapp.2003.Secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ, But IL-4, by Antigen-Specific T Cells
Requires Extracellular ATP. The Journal of Immunology. 170: 2962-2970.
LAPPAS, C.M., Rieger, J.M. and Linden, J.2005. A2A adenosine receptor
induction inhibitis IFN-gamma production in murine CD4+ Tcells. J. Immunol.
, 1073-1080.
LAUNOIS, P.; Maillard, I.; Pingel, S.; Swihart, K. G.; Xenarios I.; and AchaOrbea H..1997. IL-4 rapidly produced by V beta 4 V alpha 8 CD4+ T cells
instruct Th2 development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB/c
mice. Immunity, v.6, p.541-549,.
LEMOS, A.P., Souza, A.L.F., Pinheiro, A.A.S., Berrêdo-Pinho, M., and MeyerFernandes, J.R., 2002. Ecto-phosphatase activity on the cell surface of Crithidia
deanei. Zeitschrift für Natuforschung. 57c, 500–505.
LÉVESQUE SA, Lavoie EG, Lecka J, Bigonnesse F, and Sévigny J.Bigo. 2007.
Specificity of the ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL 67156 on human and mouse
ectonucleotidases. Br J Pharmacol.152(1):141-50.
LIEW, F.Y., S. Millott, C. Parkinson, R.M.J. Palmer, and S. Moncada. 1990.
Macrophage killing of Leishmania parasite in vivo is mediated by nitric oxide
from L-arginine. J. Immunol.144:4794-7. 73
LIEW, F.Y., Y. Li, and S. Millott. 1990. Tumor necrosis factor-α synergizes with
IFN-γ, in mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric
oxide. J.Immunol. 145:4306. LO, S.K.,Bovis, L., Matura, R. Zhu, B., Lum, H.,
Turco, S.J. and Ho, J.L.1998. Leishmania lipophosphoglycan reduces monocyte
transendothelial migration: modulation of cell adhesion molecules, intercellular
junctional proteins, andchemoattractants.J.Immulo.160.1857-1865
LOCKSLEY, R.M.; Heinzel, F.P.; Sadick, M.D.; Holaday, B.J.; and Gardner
K.D. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: susceptibility correlates with differencial
expansion of helper T-cell subsets. Annual Inst. Pasteur Immunology, v.138,
p.744-749, 1987.
LOOKER, D.L. Berens, R.L. and Marr, J.J. 1983.Purine metabolism in
Leishmania dono6ani amastigotes and promastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol
:15–28.
MALOY, K.J. and F.Powrie.2001.Regulatory T Cells in the control of immune
pathology. Nat. Immunol. 2, 816-819.
MAOILI, T.U., E.Takane, R.M.Arantes, J.L.Fietto, and L.C. Afonso. 2004.
Immune response induced by New World Leishmania species in C57BL/6 mice.
Parasitol.Res. 94:207-212. MARR, J.J.Berens, R.L., and Nelson, D.J.1978.
Purine metabolism and Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis.
Biochim.Biophys.Acta.544, 360-371.
MARCUS AJ, Broekman M.J., Drosopoulos J.H, Islam N, Pinsky DJ, Sesti C,
and Levi R 2003. Metabolic control of excessive extracellular nucleotide
accumulation by CD39/ecto-nucleotidase-1: implications for ischemic vascular
diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:9–16.
MARQUES-DA-SILVA, E.A. Oliveira, J.C. Figueiredo, A.B. Júnior, D.S.L.
Carneiro, C.M. Fietto, J.L.R. and Afonso L.C.C. 2008. Extracellular nucleotide
metabolism in Leishmania: influence of adenosinein the establishment of
infection. Microbes and infection. 850-857
MEYER-FERNANDES, J.R. 2002. Ecto-ATPases in protozoa prasites looking
for a function. Parasitol.Int. 51:299-303.
MEYER-FERNANDES, J.R, Dutra, P.M., Rogrigues, C.O., Saada-Nehme, J. and
Lopes, H.A. 1997. Mg-dependent ecto-ATPase activity in Leishmania Tropica.
Arch.Biochem.Biophys.341, 41-50.
MIZUMOTO N, Kumamoto T, Robson SC, Sevigny J, Matsue H,Enjyoji K,
Takashima A 2002.CD39 is the dominant Langerhans cell-associated ectoNTPDase: modulatory roles in inflammation and immune responsiveness. Nat
Med 8:358–365
MAHAUT-SMITH, M.P., Ennion, S.J. Rolf, M.G. and Evans, R.J.2000. ADP is
not an agonist at P2X(1) receptors evidence for separate receptors stimulated by
ATP and ADP on human platelets . Br. Pharmacol.. 131, 108-114. 74
MURRAY, H.W., J.D.Berman, C.R.Davies, and N.G.Saravia. 2005. Advances
and leishmaniases. Lancet. 366:1561-1577.
MURRAY HW, and Nathan CF. 1999.Macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in
vivo: reactive nitrogen versus oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular
visceral Leishmania donovani. Journal of Experimental. Medicine 189: 741-746,
NAKAAR, V. Beckers, C.J.M. Polotsky, V. and Joiner, K.A.1998. Basis for
substrate specificity of the Toxoplasma gondii nucleotide triphosphate hydrolase.
Mol Biochem Parasitol.97:209-20.
NEWMAN, C. 2003. Serum-free cell culture—the ethical, scientific and
economic choice. Biomed. Scientist.941–942.
NORTH, R.A. and Suprenant, A. 2000. Pharmacology of cloned P2X receptors.
Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 40, 563-580.
PANTHER E, Corinti S, Idzko M, Herouy Y, Napp M, la Sala A, Girolomoni G,
and Norgauer J.2003. Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules,
cytokine and chemokine release, and the T-cell stimulatory capacity of human
dendritic cells. Blood. 15;101(10):3985-90.
PEARSON, R.D., Wheeler, D.A., Harrison, L.H. and Kay, H.D. 1983. The
imunobiology of leishmaniasis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 907
PINELLI E, Ellick-Kendrick R, and Wagenaar J.1994. Cellular and humoral
immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with
Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun 62:229–35.
PLESNER L. Ecto-ATPases: identities and functions. 1995.Int Rev
Cytol;158:141 –214.
POSNER, B.I., Faure, R., Burgess, J.W., Bevan, A.P., Lachance, D., Zhnag-Sun,
G., Fantus, I.G., Ng, J.B., Hall, D.A., Lum, B.S., Shaver, A., 1994.
Peroxovanadium compounds a new class of potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase
inhibitors which are insulin mimetics. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269,
–4604.
RASKOVALOVA, T., Huang, X., Sitkovsky, M., Zacharia, L.C., Jackson, E.K.
and Gorelik, E.2005. Gs protein acoupled receptor signaling and lytic function of
activated NK cells. J.Immunol. 175, 4383-4391.
REITHINGER, R. and Dujardin, J.C. 2007. Molecular Diagnosis of
leishmaniasis: Current Status and Future Applications. J.Clin.Microbiol.45:21-
RIBEIRO, J.M., Katz, O., Pannel, L.K.Waitumbi, J. and Warburg A.1999.
Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically
active amounts of adenosine and 5’-AMP. J.Exp.Biol. 202, 1551-1559.
ROGERS, K.A.; Dekrey, G.K.; Mbow, M.L.; Gillespie, R.D.; Brodskyn, C.I.;
and Titus, R.G. 2002. Type 1 and type 2 responses to Leishmania major. FEMS
Microbiology Letters, v.209, p.1-7. 75
ROGERS, K.A. and Titus, R.G.2003. Immunomodulatory effects of Maxadilan
and Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary gland lysates on human primary in
vitro immune responses. Parasite Immunol. 25, 127-134
SACKS, D.and Kamhawi, S. 2001. Molecular aspects of parasite-vector and
vector-host interactions in leishmaniasis. Annual Review of Microbiology, v.55,
p.453-483.
SACKS, D. and Noben-Trauth, N. 2002. The immunology and susceptibility and
resistance Leishmania major in mice. Nat.Rev.Immunol. 2:845-858.
SACKS, D. and Perkins, P.V.1984. Indetification of Infective Stage Leishmania
Promastigotes.Science.233: 1417-1419
SAKAGUCHI, S.2004.Naturally Arising CD4+ Regulatory T Cells for
Immunologic Self-Tolerance and Negative Control of Immune Responses. Annu.
Rev. Immunol. 22, 531.
SCHNURR, M., Toy, T., Stoitzner, P., Cameron, P., Shin, A., Beecroft, T.2003.
ATP gradients inhibit the migratory capacity of specific human dendritic cell
types: implications for P2Y11 receptor signaling. Blood. 98: 153-159
SCHNURR, M., Then, F., Galambos, P., Scholz, C., Siegmund, B., Endres, S.,
and Eigler, A. 2000.Extracellular ATP and TNF-alpha synergize in the activation
and maturation of human dendritic cells. J.Immunol. 147, 3149-3155.
SCOTT, P. 1991.IFN-γ modulates the early development of Th1 and Th2
responses in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology,
v.147, p.3149-3155.
SILVA, R. and D.L. Sacks, 1987. Metacyclogenesis Is a Major Determinat of
Leishmania Promastigote Virulence e Attenuation.Infection and Immunity. 126:
-2806
SKELTON, L., Cooper, M., Murphy, M., & Platt, A.2003. Human immature
monocyte-derived dendritic cells express the G protein-coupled receptor GPR105
(KIAA0001, P2Y14) and increase intracellular calcium in response to its agonist,
uridine diphosphoglucose. J. Immunol 171(4), 1941–1949.
SOMERS, G. R., Hammet, F. M., Trute, L., Southey,M. C., & Venter, D. J.
Expression of the P2Y6 purinergic receptor in human T cells infiltrating
inflammatory bowel disease. Lab Invest. 78(11), 1375–1383.
SOONG,L., C.H.Chang, J.Sun, B.J.Longley, Jr., N.H.Ruddle, R.A.Flavell, and
D.McMahon-Pratt.1997. Role of CD4+ T cells in pathogenesis associated with
Leishmania amazonensis infection. J.Immunol. 158:5374-5383.
SPÄTH, G.F. and Beverkley, S.M.. 2001. A lipophosphoglycan- independent
method for isolation of infective leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by density
gradient centrifugation. Exp.Prasitol. 99:97-103. 76
STUEHR, D., and M.A. Marletta. 1985. Mammalian nitrite biosynthesis: mouse
macrophages produce nitrite and nitrate in response to Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide. Proa Natl. Acad.Sci. USA. 82:7738.
SURPRENANT, A., Rassendrein, F., Kawashima, E., North, R.A., and Buell,
G.,1996. The citolytic P2Z receptor for extracellular ATP identified as a P2X
receptor P2X7.Science.272, 735-738.
TASCA, T., Bonan, C.D., Carli, C.A., Battastini, A.M. and Sarkis, J.J.2003.
Characterization of an ecto-5’-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) activity in intact cells of
Trichomonas vaginalis. Exp.Parasitol. 105, 71-78
TAUSSKY, H.H. and Schorr, E. 1953. A microcolorimetric method for the
determination of inorganic phosphorus. J.Biol.Chem.202.675-685.
THOMPSON, L.F., Eltzchig, H.K., Ibla, J.C. Van de Wiele. C.J., Resta, R.,
Morote-Garcia, J.C., and Colgan, S.P.2004.Crucial role of ecto-5’-nucleotidase
(CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia. J.Exp.Med. 200,1395-1405.
TRINCHIERI G, and Gerosa F. Immunoregulation by interleukin-12.
Journal of Leukocyte Biology 59: 505-511.
VALDINEREZ, M., C.Lonardoni, M.Russo, and S.Jancar. 2000. Essential Role
of Platelet - Activiting Factor in Control of Leishmania (Leishmania)
amazonensis Infection. Infect.Immun. 68:6355-6361.
VESTER,B., K.Muller, W.Solbach, and T.Laskay. 1999. Early gene expression
of NK cell-activating chemokines in mice resistant to leishmania major.
Infect.Immun. 67:3155-3159.
WALTERS, L. L. 1993. Leishmania differentiation in natural and unnatural sand
fly hosts. J. Euk. Microbiol. 40:196-206
WALTERS, L. L., G. B. Modi, R. B. Tesh, and T. Burrage. 1987. Host-parasite
relationship of Leishmania mexicana Mexicana and Lutzomyia abonenci
(Diptera: Psychodidae). Am. J. Trop.Med. Hyg. 36:294-314
WEI, X.; Charles, I.G.; Smitch, A.; Ure, J.; Feng, G.; Huang, F.; Xu, D.; Muller,
W.; Moncada, S.; Liew, F.Y. Altered immune responses in mice lacking
inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nature, v.375, p.408-411, 1995.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
http://www.who.int/tdr/dw/leish2004.htm.
WILKIN, F., Duhant, X., Bruyns, C., Suarez-Huerta, N., Boeynaems, J.M., and
Robaye, B. 2001. The P2Y11 receptor mediates the ATP-induced maturation of
human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J.Immunol. 166, 7172-7177. 77
WYLER, D.J.1982. In Vitro Parasite Monocyte Interactions in Human
Leishmaniasis. Evidence for an active role of the parasite in attachment.J.Clin.70,
-88.
ZIMMERMANN, H. 1992. 5’-nucleotidase: molecular structure and functional
aspects.Bichem. J.285 (Pt2), 345-365.
ZIMMERMANN, H.2000. Extracellular metabolism of ATP and other
nucleotides. Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 392, 299-X
FEFB309/2013/06/Microbiologia_Basica.pdf
